Harappa is a large city of the Indus Civilization, and one of the best known sites in Pakistan, located on the bank of the Ravi River in Punjab Province.
This early urban archaeological site was occupied between about 3300 and 1500 BC. Harappa includes an area of about 250 acres, and may be about twice that, given that much of the site has been covered by the flooding of the Ravi. Intact structural remains include those of a citadel, a granary, and two cemeteries. The mud adobe bricks of significant architectural remains were robbed in antiquity.
Harappa Industries
The earliest Indus phase occupation at Harappa is called the Ravi phase (ca 3300-2800 BC, and at that time the site included a small occupation, with the first agate bead-making activities on the site. In a part of the site dated to the Kot Diji phase (2800-2500 BC) was found a piece of pottery with a possible early Indus script marking, and a cubical limestone weight that conforms to the Harappan weight system.
During the Harappa phase (2600-1900 BC), a faience and steatite bead production workshop was identified, by several layers of 'faience slag', chert blades, lumps of sawn steatite, bone tools, terracotta cakes and large masses of vitrified faience slag. Also discovered were abundant broken and complete tablets and beads, many with incised scripts.
Archaeology at Harappa
Harappa was discovered in 1826 and first excavated in 1920 and 1921 by the Archaeological Survey of India, led by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, as described later by M.S. Vats. Other archaeologists associated with Harappa include Mortimer Wheeler, George Dales, Richard Meadow, and J. Mark Kenoyer.
This early urban archaeological site was occupied between about 3300 and 1500 BC. Harappa includes an area of about 250 acres, and may be about twice that, given that much of the site has been covered by the flooding of the Ravi. Intact structural remains include those of a citadel, a granary, and two cemeteries. The mud adobe bricks of significant architectural remains were robbed in antiquity.
Harappa Industries
The earliest Indus phase occupation at Harappa is called the Ravi phase (ca 3300-2800 BC, and at that time the site included a small occupation, with the first agate bead-making activities on the site. In a part of the site dated to the Kot Diji phase (2800-2500 BC) was found a piece of pottery with a possible early Indus script marking, and a cubical limestone weight that conforms to the Harappan weight system.During the Harappa phase (2600-1900 BC), a faience and steatite bead production workshop was identified, by several layers of 'faience slag', chert blades, lumps of sawn steatite, bone tools, terracotta cakes and large masses of vitrified faience slag. Also discovered were abundant broken and complete tablets and beads, many with incised scripts.
Archaeology at Harappa
Harappa was discovered in 1826 and first excavated in 1920 and 1921 by the Archaeological Survey of India, led by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, as described later by M.S. Vats. Other archaeologists associated with Harappa include Mortimer Wheeler, George Dales, Richard Meadow, and J. Mark Kenoyer.
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